Scrap Gold Refining

Refining precious metals and semi precious metals Gold and Silver , incorporating full assay analysis, secure electronics destruction and recovery of precious metals. RECOVERY OF GOLD AND PRECIOUS METALS FROM SCRAP GOLD, FACTORY SCRAP AND MINNING DUST Electronic Semi-Conductor Manufacturing Industry. Precious Metals such as Gold, Silver, Platinum, Palladium and Rhodium are all used in various forms within these industries. Precious metals such as gold are not only found within the electronic components that make up cell phones and other circuitry (Which Advanced Chemical has processes to extract that gold) precious metals are also in material such as electronic plating solutions, filters, resins and many more unlikely sources,stripping gold plating from high-grade computer CPUs, pins and edge connectors in video #1. Older CPUs from the 1980s and 1990s have the most gold and silver on the covers and pins -- silver was sometimes plated on the pins first to give the gold layer a good surface to adhere to.




When we recover gold and silver, we also recover mercury. Mercury is toxic, and elevated levels of it are harmful to the body. We have to protect our personnel from the hazards associated with it, and we have to protect the environment as well.

G Edward Griffin : Money is the ultimate weapon

G Edward Griffin interview June 08 2011 : SGT interviews legendary author and documentary film producer G Edward Griffin about his book 'The Creature From Jekyll Island' and current events.G. Edward Griffin is the clearest thinker I have ever listened to. So easy to comprehend what he is saying. I wish I had grown up with teachers who explained things the way he does.
The new world order are racing to the finish line and they have the pedal to the medal to put the capstone on top of the pyramid. The bottom part of the pyramid is where the people realize everything is a fraud and it's like a bag of rice with slashes all over it. While the new world order is busy putting on the capstone, they are trying to keep everybody in place so the capstone doesn't fall on it's head. I don't see why we are waiting to do somthing.




He is very right. We should have a protectorate, not a government because governments can never really be honorable as they all become tyrannical.

Its just sad that our CONSTITUTIONAL rights are being stripped away everyday because the majority of the US are sheep who only care about watching American Idol and going to the bar...where you can commit multiple sins and see multiple distractions (drinking, tv, lottery, harassing women, etc). Sheep need to wake up!

How and when to buy gold - James Turk

The key is not the price the key is the value says James Turk and Gold is still undervalued : ...first of all you are not investing in precious metals you are saving them cause remember they are money and the way you are do that in my view is the same way that I have been recommending all decade long , if you have not yet begun accumulating precious metals take an amount of money that you intend to put into the metals divided by six and buy one sixth on the fifteenth of every month regardless what the price is you are accumulating over a period of time and just continue to accumulate and save , you know I have been saying this to people when gold was $300 , Gold $600 Gold $1200 and I am saying it now when the Gold is at $1500 because The key is not the price the key is the value and Gold is still relatively undervalued and that's the key to accumulating the precious metals ...so put aside what you read in the news papers put aside all these people talking about bibbles and what not and just slowly methodically eliminate the emotion and just on the 15th of the month or the 13th of the month or whenever it fits your budget just take those dollars or those Euros or Swiss franks or whatever currency you want to convert into hard money and do it .....

James Turk : GOLD $8,000 & SILVER $400 between 2013 and 2015

James Turk : ...well let's step back and look at the long term point of view I am sticking to my long term forecast that sometime between 2013 and 2015 Gold will be about $8000 and ounce and Silver will be about $400 an ounce , the ratio between the two metals will be 20 ounces of silver to buy one ounce of gold , I made this forecast back in October 2003 , obviously when the price of gold and silver was much much lower , the point I am making is that we are in a financial bust and during a financial bust like the one we have been in for several years and still few more years to go people move out of financial assets and move into tangible assets because they are looking for a safe heaven , they want to avoid counter party risk and the safest of all heavens are the precious metals because they are tangible assets with no counter party risk , so for the longer point of view we are still heading into a much much higher , you mentioned the way I approach the market which is to continue accumulating , do not view gold as an investment it really is not an investment because it does not generate cash flow it's really money and when you accumulate gold you are actually saving money and saving money is a good thing , at some point in time in the future we are gonna take these savings and either invest them or we gonna spend them or just continue to hold them , at some point in time in the future gold will be at the maximum and you want to take advantage of everything that you are saving now through the these difficult economic and financial times , in regard to the short term , I am looking for a a pop up in gold price this summer and it relates back to what happen in the summer of 1982 when the Mexican government defaulted on its debt and it sent gold up 50 percent in three months and a double in six months , the circumstance today is very similar , the government ready to default though is not Mexico , it's Greece Portugal Ireland may be even Italy who knows , any number of countries that will be defaulting on their debt and when that happens I think that could really light a fire out of the Gold price so ...be prepared for an upside jump in the gold price this summer ....

Why gold is money by Peter Boehringer

Peter Boehringer of DEG interviewed by James Turk of GoldMoney Foundation about the gold 's value and the physical reasons why it has been chosen, out of all physical elements, as money through the ages.Peter Boehringer : I am the first one to admit and I am a gold bug that there is not and will never be an objective value of an ounce of gold or silver , silver is a little bit different because it has good industrial use too , as to gold there is no objective value to it , psychology to some extent it is even metaphoric to some extent it has been around for so long that people some how transcend to some extent , people just believe in it , but there is a root cause to that the reason I think and I am a rational analyst here is physical strictly physical , if you look the periodic table of elements there are 160 elements so if e would pick one element to use as currency we will end up with practically only the precious metals gold silver platinum palladium and to some extent Rhodium , cause some of the elements in the table are liquid so we discard them some are gases some are just not scarce some of them may be too rare that you could not probably coin a thousand coins worldwide so that's not feasible too , some of them are toxic some of them are even radioactive so it is not something feasible , so you can go on and on and scratch all the elements from the periodic table you will end up with the precious metals ...so for all those reasons and othrs gold and silver have become the national money

How he strengthening Euro will impact gold prices

Stronger Euro Impacting Gold : Jeb Handwerger, editor of GoldStockTrades.com, discusses the impact of the strengthening Euro on gold prices."Well then in late January. When gold was experiencing a opposite -- we decline. We called for a rally at a measured move 600 dollar area.I encourage you. Are seasonal cycles so into June. We still expect that 16100 dollar area to be hit.the -- strengthening today it seems like that Germans are going to be loosening their stance regarding the Greek bailout. "

The European Gold confiscation scheme unfold

The European Gold confiscation scheme unfold ,Let the whole banking system collapse, it's built on sand anyway.the US is next, that is why you should care. They are trying their scheme out on a small, basically defenseless country to see how it works, then they will 'grow' the program. The banks will own everything if nothing is done to stop them. They own most of the real estate in the US when you consider everyone 'borrows' to buy it and if they default, it goes back to the back, not the original owner it was sold from.
A very informative interview, we need to get Sprott, Ned and Morgan together with Max to discuss how to take over the warehouse supplies of silver...well done Max and Stacy!


The excessive printing of dollars to keep the economy from a great depression is fuelling inflation. PIMCO has lost faith in the US government and is investing in precious metals. As more people pull their heads out of the sand and stop watching X Factor on TV more of them will pile into the only real store of value - gold & silver etc.

Gold and Silver Rally Trade

Scott Redler, chief strategic officer for T3Live.com, says to trade gold and silver Friday and wait to go long.:'we're not exactly sure if and this bounce is gonna take just -- new highs or was this just healthy balance of -- for the short term. This is probably a spot to lighten up a little bit. It's I -- well you would be -- a week and next. Well you know market -- and I forget about when Rangers are tight before remove and how cold does have a four -- move. So if you look at them -- gold it might be hired among -- from now but I think you can get a better entry than chasing it on the fourth update. Typically silver -- just had a nice to reading move from what 35 to 37 -- so. I know it's not where was a 4049. And trying to get the forty to 41 yes but I just elect a better entry in today I believe is not the data and there silver Oracle (ORCL) but they stay here for awhile next week and prove that is demanding commitment to this balance. Then we'll get another entry and that could prove to be the entry for a move back to those how much -- as well. I don't think we get the multiple they're out of it to see you absorb this multiple -- and decide gold go from what 1470. -- around 1530."

Why Gold & Silver? FULL MOVIE - Mike Maloney Tells All

Why Gold and Silver ?  a Mike Maloney Movie . Thank you so very much for sharing your work for free viewing! I can only imagine how much blood, sweat, and tears you and your team put into creating this movie and I think it is extremely generous to share it. For those of us who are in difficult financial circumstances, whatever the reason, you are throwing a lifeline of sorts. Bless you!Visit http://www.goldsilverdvd.com for bonus features - 'How Does Mike Invest?', 'How Did Mike Get Started?' (hear the story of Mike firing his financial advisor), and 'How & What To Buy'. This is the full version of the movie, which features extra parts not yet seen on YouTube: Currency creation, the Federal Reserve, fractional reserve banking, how central banks steal our wealth, runaway deficits, the second wave of mortgage resets, Mike's prediction of short term deflation THEN hyperinflation, New Media, Ron Paul, and the Constitution.



Robert Kiyosaki just released an article at his conspiracyoftherich website called "Why Gold and Silver Aren’t Good Investments‏" He said "If the Fed stops printing money, there will be a giant crash causing a tsunami of pain and destruction. Cash will become king" 
It was fascinating to watch the film again and see how things have moved on since it was filmed in June of 2009. Gold was $950. Silver was $15. The Gold/Silver ratio was 65. You could pick up a monster box of eagles for a cool $8000.

Though the prices and ratios have moved on, the film is entirely relevant and still one of the best ways for a newcomer to get up to speed with gold and silver. It is jam packed with information and calm analysis by the top experts in their field, who have been right since the start of the last decade. If you have a friend or family member who wants to know about metals but you can't find the time to help them understand, or if there is someone you want to help but they just won't listen, or even if you just want to say 'Haha! Told you so!'....do them a favour and send them the link to this movie. Embed it on Facebook. Tweet it. The lot...

At least they won't be able to say 'Why didn't you warn me?' as they ask you for a loan!

"You know, we're in this period where governments are abusing their currencies worldwide, and gold and silver are going to account for all of this. And like I say, there are these brief moments throughout history where the investment with the single greatest potential gains in purchasing power, is also the safest place that you can put your wealth, for the past 5000 years! And I'm not going to let that pass me up, let me tell you!"

Thank you Mike Maloney, neither are we.

Bill Murphy and James Turk on Gold and Silver manipulation

Bill Murphy, Chairman of GATA the Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee, interviewed by James Turk, Director of the GoldMoney Foundation .Bill Murphy : ...the price of gold is gone so high a lot of people cannot afford an ounce of gold but they can afford Silver at these prices and because the west is so momentum oriented all of a sudden it is becoming fashionable that to own gold and silver , somebody the other day said they went to sell their silver and there was lines at the coin shops and they taught there was people going to sell their silver , they were (instead) buying !!! I think it is very encouraging from my stand point because it is making the life for the gold cartel and the people in the short side it is ruining them it is killing them , I mean they are deep under water , you well know they raid the market they tried tricks by raising the margins they attack at certain time , it is not working , in the old days years ago they will make moves like these there will be many many months before the price can recover because there was so much technical damage in terms of the technical market , now because of the physical market which you are talking about and that what I say that's where the importance is , you got these dips Floomps people are flocking in on every dip , so their games do not work like they used to and that's why we gonna to have something that's never been seen before in a market in America ...."

" I think that's too (the collapse of the dollar) , Silver is going bananas it's just bid bid bid , and the shorts at some point they have to cover something may be not the one being bailed out by the government but if you short silver .., just the other day I put in my commentary about Carlos Slim putting on hedges all type of Gold this is the richest guy in the world , he is not going to be the richest guy in the world if this keeps going on ......

China growing middle class may defy Gold summer slump

China is one of several nations planning a gold and silver backed currency behind the scenes. Another one is Mexico. Libya was planning one before the MidEast uprisings. .Al and Brien Lundin discuss today's gold & silver markets and what the future holds ,Al Korelin and Brien Lundin discuss the gold and silver markets and how China's growing middle class may defy the summer slump.



Brien Lundin is the editor and publisher of Gold Newsletter, a publication that has ranked among the world's leading precious metals and resource stock advisories since 1971. He is also a regular contributor to Kitco. Mr. Lundin is also the host of the famed New Orleans Investment Conference, the world's oldest and most respected gold investment event.

Bill Murphy : the public is just waking up to Gold and Silver in the United States

Bill Murphy, chairman of the Gold Anti-Trust Action Committee (GATA), : ..free market price of gold if it kept pace with inflation would be $2500 right now and it is only $1500 and change , well that seems like a lot compared to years ago when it is done but that's an example of what the price suppression scheme has done , all these gold cartel can do now , because they do not have the gold that people think they have is manage a retreat keep an excitement to a minimum try to keep gold out of the headline as a barometer of bad tidings for the financial world , but these gold cartels been losing they are gonna lose they are in deep trouble is no telling what silver can do in the upside the public is just waking up in the United States to Gold and Silver the ownership of each is tiny , it is a very exciting time for , to be involved in precious metals and also for GATA .....


Related ETFs : Ishares Silver ETF (SLV), SPDR GOld ETF (GLD) SPDR GOld ETF (GLD), Powershares DB SPDR Gold ETF (GLD), Newmont Mining (NEM), Barrick Gold (ABX), GoldCorp (GG)

Utah, returns to Gold Standard

The State of Utah, returns to Gold Standard ,the US $ is only backed by faith and lately there isnt much left, The Constitution called for Gold & Silver coins because the paper certificate scam is nothing new to history.people will trade with 1/10th ounce coins not 1 full ounce :) It's freedom because getting paid in gold has value while government paper enslaves as it cost money to print it. We don't need to end the welfare state. Just end the FED and the wellfare state will end itself.




As far as I can tell the law legalizes US federal minted gold and silver coins as "legal tender", and removes state capital gains tax and sales tax when they are sold / purchased using fiat. The tax provisions are all good, but since the face value of a PM coin is a tiny fraction of its melt value why would anyone use it as legal tender, i.e. exchange it based on it's face value?

Silver coming back Strong

Silver is coming back as strong as ever in a time when everybody totally forgot about silver and stopped talking about it . Oil, copper climb from depths on Goldman call to 'buy," with the Fast Money traders. let's not fault Goldman for being right. i think that's the better way to play silver relative to gold. it looks like it's moving. i think you follow that. i think this is actually a little bit of wind at your back for this trade. zach, as i recall, you had been in silver. don't know what you did with it when it had its rocky trading when they raised their margin requirements. are you back in? have you added?

Michael Maloney the silver advisor interview by Arthur Robinson, Jr.

In this powerful interview Michael Maloney talks about.
The value of gold and silver
The history of money and currency
The real estate market and the sock market
Also you are going to learn about the 30 year treasury note and much much more.

Sheikh Imran Hosein : The Paper Money is the Biggest rip-off in human history

Sheikh Imran Hosein : The Paper Money is the Biggest rip-off in human history ,Sheikh Imran Hosein he explains how Richard Nixon repudiated a treaty obligation (Bretton Woods ) by introducing paper money instead of gold backed money in September 1971 , since then no paper money is redeemable in Gold , but the rip-offs is not over yet , the elite are planning to crash the dollar and all paper money with it in around 2012 , and introduce instead the Digital Money , in this way they will have further control over people's wealth and transactions , his is an excellent analysis by Sheikh Imran Hosein in accordance of what other people are prognostication like Pastor Lindsey Williams who says that according to his sources the US Dollar and the Euro will be dead by 2012 , this is the elite's plan ....

Gold and Silver will continue to outperform real estate

Richard Daughty aka The Mogambo Guru interviewed by Mike Maloney on the margin of the silver summit , about the Gold and Silver Fundamentals , and where he sees the prices of these two precious metals going from here , and his expectation for inflation , " we are all freaking doomed , it is going to get worse and worse and worse because inflation always follows the inflation in money supply , and the money supply right now is increase at a rate of 14 percent a year ! he said , anybody that is still a Keynesian today he must be insane ...it is going to get bad because there is not one single instance in the last 3000 years in history of mankind when this thing has ever worked out ,and I have a hard time believing that this time we gonna pull it off he added ...Gold and Silver will continue to outperform real estate

David Morgan on the Utah legal tender law

David Morgan interviewed by Fox News about the Utah legal tender law which came into effect last May 7 , people on a voluntary basis can start to pay their transactions and bills with gold and silver , just as the American constitution says , this is a start but is a good giant step into the right direction , more state may follow the Utah path

Larry Reaugh on the Gold Rally and the precious vs base metals

Big Al interviews today Larry W. Reaugh, President and C.E.O. of American Manganese and Goldrea Resources President and CEO , Larry Reaugh talks about today's stunning gold rally and the benefits of owning physical gold and silver.Larry discusses the fundamental view on metal markets and the difference between the base metals and the precious metals


Mr. Reaugh has forty-seven years' experience in the mining industry and for the past thirty years he has been the CEO & President of several exploration, development and producing mining companies listed on the TSX, TSX Venture and NSDAQ exchanges. Several of his companies have made significant discoveries, three of which (gold) went on to be producing mines. Through his career Mr. Reaugh has raised in excess of $250 million for junior resource mining companies. Currently he is the CEO of three public companies which fall under the aegis of The Reaugh Group: American Manganese Inc., Goldrea Resources Inc., and Molycor Gold Corp.With its recent name change from Roche Deboule Minerals, American Manganese Inc. now clearly states the business in which it expects to truly make its name. Manganese is another one of those metals that most people may have heard about but probably couldnt distinguish from magnesium, much less care about what its used for. Without manganese, however, not much could be built or made in the modern world, and thats the opportunity which makes American Manganese (AMY) such an interesting investment story. Sitting on over $10 billion lbs. worth of indicated and inferred manganese currently trading at $1.31/lb. in Arizona gives the company the largest known low grade deposit of manganese in the Unites States, according to the US Bureau of Mines, and the largest potential source of the metal outside of China. We spoke with Larry Reaugh, AMYs president, to get the big picture on how his company could play a very important role in reestablishing domestic production of this key metal which the US now has to rely on foreign sources for its supply.

Andy Gause- IMF Background and Gold, Silver - 05-18-11

Andy Gause money historian and gold expert with Patrick Timpone go in details about the Domenique Strauss-Khan affair what the IMF does in the world , how this IMF bank is funded mainly by the American tax payers money , how the IMF a supposedly private bank is wrecking havoc amongst the poor of this planet , tricking entire countries into the black hole of eternal debt sucking resources from the poorest of this planet for the benefit of few bankers in New York

Mexico sells US dollars and buys gold bullion

Mexico sells US dollars and buys gold bullion
The Central Bank of Mexico announced the purchase of about 100 tons of gold in recent months, the equivalent to 4% of the bank's international reserves.Almost a hundred tonnes of gold in a couple of months. The purchase of the Mexican Central Bank, according to the statistics released by the IMF, this massive purchase however was not enough to halt the correction of the ingot, which yesterday - driven by the collapse of the silver, falling by almost 20% in three sessions - is back up about $ 1,490 an ounce. However, the news was welcomed by analysts as one of the most obvious manifestations of a revolution that is going through the gold market, as well as a further significant signal of lack of confidence in the greenback, now slipping in values ​​close to historic lows (the descent was continued yesterday, in response to disappointing economic data from the United States, including in particular the sharp decline in April ISM services index and orders).
After two decades of prevailing sales, the gold reserves of central banks have started last year for the first time to grow, thanks to the purchase of many emerging countries, including China, Russia and India. Mexico, however, is moving in a particularly aggressive way , at the end of January its gold reserves amounted to only 220 thousand ounces, two months later it had risen to 3.2 million ounces (or 100.15 tonnes), an amount equal to about 3.5% of world mining production and at the current prices is worth about $ 4 billion.
The Mexican stocks reached in April, the historical record of $ 128 billion, so the gold is still a marginal fraction of the total: just over 3%, compared to 70% in the case of the USA, first in world rankings . The fact that the purchases have taken place in a time when the gold price already interrelated one record after another is significant, however, that the mood across the market. Probably they think that makes sense because they are convinced that the dollar will depreciate again. A lack of confidence that weighs much, given the strong economic ties and trade with neighboring United States.
The statistics released yesterday by the IMF show that in the first quarter Russia and Thailand have also bought gold. Russia added 18.8 tons to its reserves, while Thailand has increased by 9.3 tonnes to 108.9

US Debt Ceiling and Selling Gold at Fort Knox

The question now emerges should the US sell its gold at fort Knox in order to pay its ever increasing debt , but most importantly , is there any Gold at Fort Knox as we are told and if so how much ?
US Debt Ceiling and Selling Gold at Fort Knox

Gold ETFs vs Silver ETFs

This blog encourages and promotes the physical holding , which means you better go and buy physical metal gold or silver and better yet hold it for the long ride that is ahead of us , gold and silver are real money "Investors have to be aware of what's backing the ETF. There are futures-based products out there and that does have an effect on investor returns," Martin Arnold, senior analyst, ETF Securities told CNBC.

Mike Maloney and Max Keiser on the Silver Gold Sell-offs

Mike Maloney : as far as the sell-off goes I really do not care , well actually I do I am hoping silver will go down a little bit more because I want to buy more , I want a lot more . silver has yet to exceed its 1980 High we came whthin a breath of it but it hasn't exceeded its 1980 high , can you name one thing on this planet that is still selling at a discount to its 1980 price !? ...
the dollar is on its death bed , the Euro is on the verge of break out , people do not realize that every 30 to 40 years the world has a new monetary system , the dollar is doomed , gold is going to go to infinity so is silver, measuring gold and silver in dollar is idiotic , gold is not anywhere near a bubble , silver is money just like gold , the dollar is a currency not money ....when gold and silver are in the run away it means that the death of the currency is right around the corner , the Hunt brothers were used as the sacrificial lamb to save the US Dollar , the precious metals always always win

How to play the Silver, Gold Markets volatility

Phil Streible, senior market strategist at Lind-Waldock, reveals when he would recommend investors get long gold and silver.: " Well we're seeing the same thing we're seeing that gold silver ratio start to trend up a bit , a lot of investors are coming out of silver markets is that the characteristics of the silver market changed quite a bit you've got a lot of volatility in their you've also got increased margin requirements it's a little bit too chappy for the average investor , so they are coming out of debt but they still want the metals exposure so they're going into a little bit more conservative play like the gold market gold's getting accumulated also by central funds. So you're seeing that that play come in and gold is very supportive."

Commodity Boom Period Coming Soon says Michael Langford

The bearish market in Gold and Silver will end next week and we will see a bullish trend , Commodity Boom Period Coming Soon says Michael Langford , proprietary trader at StreamTrading.com says the commodity markets, which have remained bearish, will look to stabilize soon as we enter a positive phase in the commodity cycle.

Gary Savage : Gold & Silver entering choppy D Wave Decline

According to Gary Savage gold and silver will go down into a severe D-wave correction. (We still have one more parabolic leg up before this D-wave starts.)
Gold moves in an ABCD wave pattern, driven not only by the fundamentals of the gold market,…but also by the emotions of gold investors and the thin nature of the precious metals market

John Embry & James Turk - why you should own Gold and Silver in your portfolio

John Embry Chief Investment Strategist at Sprott Asset Management discusses the recent correction in the silver price with James Turk, Director of the GoldMoney Foundation: ....I think the rise to the recent $50 peak believe it or not was justified and it is funny when you read the main stream press everybody is talking about bubbles and how big the crash is going to be , they would not seem to understand the fundamentals I think the fundamentals of silver are impeccable , the fact that we are going through a tough crash is not surprising it's a paper driven COMEX sponsored correction and it's to be expected , I mean if you have been involved in silver market as long as we have at Sprott we're used to these things they are not fun but it is another buying opportunity ... The paper market probably drives the prices most of the time when the physical takes over is when the physical shortage takes place and what's going on right now is very clearly there is a massive short position in...

John Embry : why you should own physical Gold and Silver

John Embry Chief Investment Strategist at Sprott Asset Management  discusses the reasons why people should own Gold and Silver : ...I think that it is absolutely essential that gold and silver be in anybody's portfolio particularly anybody that has substantial wealth for the simple reason that paper assets are under attack because of the debasement of money and I mean if you want sort of historical example look at what happened in the 1970s if you had gold and silver in your portfolio I mean you offset the fact that inflationary environmental the real returns on paper assets bonds and stocks were negligeable if not considerably negative and if you had enough to have a lot but if you had a say a ten percent representation in your portfolio you skated through what positive returns with positive returns of overall portfolio but if you did not you have a negative return so the situation today is infinitely worse than it was then so I think it's essential that people have it and the interesting fact is that the vast majority of people don't have it which gives you sort of a leg up if you got it , right now basically if you don't have it you better be getting it soon ...you should diversify ...the safest way to own gold is in your position ...you should have ten to twenty percent portfolio in physical gold and silver ...the US Stocks today are grotesquely over priced , the US bond market dos not even deserve a comment ...the currency debasement is a worldwide phenomenon